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When discussing passwords, what is considered a brute force attack?
A. You wait until the password expires
B. You create hashes of a large number of words and compare it with the encrypted passwords
C. You attempt every single possibility until you exhaust all possible combinations or discover the password
D. You threaten to use the rubber hose on someone unless they reveal their password
E. You load a dictionary of words into your cracking program
正解：C
解説：
A brute-force attack is the most exhaustive password-cracking method. It tries every possible combination of characters (letters, numbers, and symbols) until the correct password is found.
From CEH v13 Courseware:
Module 6: Password Cracking Techniques
CEH v13 Study Guide states:
"Brute-force attacks try every possible combination until the correct password is discovered. It's resource- intensive but guarantees success if enough time and processing power is available." Incorrect Options:
B: Refers to social engineering or coercion.
C: Describes a dictionary attack.
D: Refers to a rainbow table attack.
E: Not a cracking method.
Reference:CEH v13 Study Guide - Module 6: Brute-Force vs. Dictionary Attacks
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質問 # 785
During a cloud security assessment, it was discovered that a former employee still had access to critical resources months after leaving the organization. Which practice would have most effectively prevented this issue?
A. Conducting regular penetration tests
B. Using multi-cloud deployment models
C. Enforcing timely user de-provisioning
D. Implementing real-time traffic analysis
正解：C
解説：
According to CEH v13 Cloud Computing, improper identity and access management (IAM) is one of the most common causes of cloud security incidents. When former employees retain access to cloud resources, it represents a failure in user lifecycle management, specifically in the de-provisioning phase.
Timely user de-provisioning ensures that when an employee leaves the organization or changes roles, all associated access rights-API keys, IAM roles, credentials, tokens, and permissions-are immediately revoked. CEH v13 emphasizes that cloud environments magnify this risk because access is often centralized and remote, meaning former employees can access systems from anywhere.
Options A, B, and C are supportive security practices but do not directly address the root cause. Multi-cloud models do not prevent unauthorized access. Traffic analysis may detect misuse after the fact but does not prevent it. Penetration testing identifies vulnerabilities but does not manage user access.
CEH v13 explicitly identifies timely de-provisioning as a critical cloud security control to prevent insider threats, privilege abuse, and compliance violations. Therefore, Option D is the correct answer.
質問 # 786
The Heartbleed bug was discovered in 2014 and is widely referred to under MITRE's Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) as CVE-2014-0160. This bug affects the OpenSSL implementation of the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols defined in RFC6520.
What type of key does this bug leave exposed to the Internet making exploitation of any compromised system very easy?
A. Root
B. Public
C. Private
D. Shared
正解：C
解説：
The Heartbleed vulnerability (CVE-2014-0160) is a critical buffer over-read flaw in OpenSSL's implementation of the TLS heartbeat extension. It allows attackers to read portions of memory from a server using vulnerable versions of OpenSSL.
This exposed sensitive data including:
Usernames and passwords
Session tokens
Private encryption keys
From CEH v13 Study Guide - Module 5: Vulnerability Analysis and Module 6: Malware Threats:
"The Heartbleed vulnerability allowed attackers to extract memory contents from the OpenSSL process, including sensitive materials such as private SSL keys. These private keys are used in the TLS protocol to encrypt and decrypt secure communications. Once compromised, attackers could decrypt communications or impersonate the server." Private keys being compromised allow attackers to decrypt HTTPS traffic, impersonate trusted servers, and conduct MITM (Man-in-the-Middle) attacks.
Incorrect Options:
A). Public: Public keys are already shared and not a security risk if disclosed.
C). Shared: Vague term not applicable here.
D). Root: Heartbleed doesn't directly expose root keys; rather, it leaks application memory including private SSL/TLS keys.
Reference:CEH v13 Study Guide - Module 5: Vulnerability Analysis # Case Study: HeartbleedNVD/CVE Details: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-0160OpenSSL Advisory: https://www.openssl.org/news
/secadv_20140407.txt
質問 # 787
What is the following command used for?
net use argetipc$ "" /u:""
A. This command is used to connect as a null session
B. Grabbing the SAM
C. Connecting to a Linux computer through Samba.
D. Grabbing the etc/passwd file
E. Enumeration of Cisco routers
正解：A
解説：
The given command is used to establish a null session connection with the IPC$ share on a Windows machine. IPC$ (Inter-Process Communication) is a special hidden share used for Windows inter-process communication, and when connected with blank credentials, it allows anonymous access to certain system information - a common step in enumeration.
Command breakdown:
net use argetipc$ "" /u:""
# Initiates a connection using a blank username and password (null session).
From CEH v13 Courseware:
* Module 04: Enumeration
* Topic: Null Sessions and SMB Enumeration
CEH v13 Study Guide states:
"A null session allows unauthorized users to connect to a Windows machine and extract information like usernames, shares, and policies. Null sessions exploit the default settings of the IPC$ share and are typically initiated using net use commands." Incorrect Options:
* A/B: Accessing the etc/passwd or SAM directly is not the function of this command.
* C: Samba uses SMB, but this is targeting a Windows system.
* E: Cisco router enumeration involves SNMP, not Windows IPC$.
Reference:CEH v13 Study Guide - Module 4: Enumeration # Subtopic: Null SessionsMicrosoft KB:
Overview of NULL session connections and IPC$
質問 # 788
In your cybersecurity class, you are learning about common security risks associated with web servers. One topic that comes up is the risk posed by using default server settings. Why is using default settings ona web - server considered a security risk, and what would be the best initial step to mitigate this risk?
A. Default settings reveal server software type; change these settings
B. Default settings allow unlimited login attempts; setup account lockout
C. Default settings enable auto-updates; disable and manually patch
D. Default settings cause server malfunctions; simplify the settings
正解：A
解説：
Using default settings on a web server is considered a security risk because it can reveal the server software type and version, which can help attackers identify potential vulnerabilities and launch targeted attacks. For example, if the default settings include a server signature that displays the name and version of the web server software, such as Apache 2.4.46, an attacker can search for known exploits or bugs that affect that specific software and version. Additionally, default settings may also include other insecure configurations, such as weak passwords, unnecessary services, or open ports, that can expose the web server to unauthorized access or compromise.
The best initial step to mitigate this risk is to change the default settings to hide or obscure the server software type and version, as well as to disable or remove any unnecessary or insecure features. For example, to hide the server signature, one can modify the ServerTokens and ServerSignature directives in the Apache configuration file1. Alternatively, one can use a web application firewall or a reverse proxy to mask the server information from the client requests2. Changing the default settings can reduce the attack surface and make it harder for attackers to exploit the web server.
References:
* How to Hide Apache Version Number and Other Sensitive Info
* How to hide server information from HTTP headers? - Stack Overflow