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A security engineer receives a notice about suspicious activity from a Linux-based Amazon EC2 instance that uses Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS)-based storage. The instance is making connections to known malicious addresses.
The instance is in a development account within a VPC that is in the us-east-1 Region. The VPC contains an internet gateway and has a subnet in us-east-1a and us-east-1b. Each subnet is associated with a route table that uses the internet gateway as a default route. Each subnet also uses the default network ACL. The suspicious EC2 instance runs within the us-east-1b subnet. During an initial investigation, a security engineer discovers that the suspicious instance is the only instance that runs in the subnet.
Which response will immediately mitigate the attack and help investigate the root cause?
A. Create an AWS WAF web ACL that denies traffic to and from the suspicious instance. Attach the AWS WAF web ACL to the instance to mitigate the attack. Log in to the instance and install diagnostic tools to investigate the instance.
B. Ensure that the Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) volumes that are attached to the suspicious EC2 instance will not delete upon termination. Terminate the instance. Launch a new EC2 instance in us-east-1a that has diagnostic tools. Mount the EBS volumes from the terminated instance for investigation.
C. Update the outbound network ACL for the subnet in us-east-1b to explicitly deny all connections as the first rule. Replace the security group with a new security group that allows connections only from a diagnostics security group. Update the outbound network ACL for the us-east-1b subnet to remove the deny all rule. Launch a new EC2 instance that has diagnostic tools. Assign the new security group to the new EC2 instance. Use the new EC2 instance to investigate the suspicious instance.
D. Log in to the suspicious instance and use the netstat command to identify remote connections. Use the IP addresses from these remote connections to create deny rules in the security group of the instance.
Install diagnostic tools on the instance for investigation. Update the outbound network ACL for the subnet in us-east-1b to explicitly deny all connections as the first rule during the investigation of the instance.
Answer: B
Explanation:
AWS incident response best practices emphasize immediate containment, preservation of evidence, and safe forensic investigation. According to the AWS Certified Security - Specialty Study Guide, when an EC2 instance is suspected of compromise, security teams should avoid logging in to the instance or installing additional tools, as these actions can alter evidence and increase risk.
Terminating the compromised instance after ensuring that its Amazon EBS volumes are preserved prevents further malicious activity immediately. By setting the EBS volumes to not delete on termination, all disk data is retained for forensic analysis. Launching a new, clean EC2 instance in a different subnet or Availability Zone with preinstalled diagnostic tools allows investigators to safely attach and analyze the compromised volumes without executing potentially malicious code.
Option A introduces significant risk by logging in to the compromised instance and modifying security controls during active compromise. Option B delays containment and allows continued outbound traffic during investigation steps. Option D is invalid because AWS WAF cannot be attached directly to Amazon EC2 instances and does not control outbound traffic.
AWS documentation strongly recommends isolating or terminating compromised resources and performing offline analysis using detached storage volumes. This approach ensures immediate mitigation, preserves forensic integrity, and aligns with AWS incident response frameworks.
Referenced AWS Specialty Documents:
AWS Certified Security - Specialty Official Study Guide
AWS Incident Response Best Practices
Amazon EC2 and EBS Forensics Guidance
AWS Well-Architected Framework - Security Pillar
NEW QUESTION # 41
A company wants to establish separate AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) keys to use for different AWS services. The company's security engineer created a key policy to allow the infrastructure deployment team to create encrypted Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) volumes by assuming the InfrastructureDeployment IAM role. The security engineer recently discovered that IAM roles other than the InfrastructureDeployment role used this key for other services.
Which change to the policy should the security engineer make to resolve these issues?
A. In the statement block that contains the Sid "Allow use of the key", under the "Condition" block, change the kms:ViaService value to ec2.us-east-1.amazonaws.com.
B. In the statement block that contains the Sid "Allow use of the key", under the "Condition" block, change StringEquals to StringLike.
C. In the policy document, add a new statement block that grants the kmsisable* permission to the security engineer's IAM role.
D. In the policy document, remove the statement block that contains the Sid "Enable IAM User Permissions". Add key management policies to the KMS policy.
Answer: A
Explanation:
AWS KMS key policies can restrict how and where a key is used by leveraging condition keys such as kms:
ViaService. According to the AWS Certified Security - Specialty documentation, kms:ViaService limits key usage to requests that originate from a specific AWS service in a specific Region. If this condition is overly broad or incorrect, other IAM roles and services may unintentionally use the key.
By explicitly setting the kms:ViaService condition value to ec2.us-east-1.amazonaws.com, the key policy ensures that the KMS key can only be used when requests are made through the Amazon EC2 service in that Region, such as for EBS volume encryption. This prevents other services or unintended IAM roles from using the key.
Option A weakens the condition logic and can broaden access. Option B removes essential permissions that allow IAM policies to function with KMS keys and is not recommended. Option D relates to administrative control of the key, not service-level usage restrictions.
AWS best practices recommend using kms:ViaService and precise condition values to enforce service- specific key usage and strong separation of duties.
Referenced AWS Specialty Documents:
AWS Certified Security - Specialty Official Study Guide
AWS KMS Key Policy Condition Keys
AWS KMS Best Practices
NEW QUESTION # 42
A company must capture AWS CloudTrail data events and must retain the logs for 7 years. The logs must be immutable and must be available to be searched by complex queries. The company also needs to visualize the data from the logs.
Which solution will meet these requirements MOST cost-effectively?
A. Create a CloudTrail Lake data store. Implement CloudTrail Lake dashboards to visualize and query the results.
B. Send the CloudTrail logs to a log group in Amazon CloudWatch Logs. Set the CloudWatch Logs stream to send the data to an Amazon OpenSearch Service domain. Enable cold storage for the OpenSearch Service domain. Use OpenSearch Dashboards for visualizations and queries.
C. Use the CloudTrail Event History feature in the AWS Management Console. Visualize and query the results in the console.
D. Send the CloudTrail logs to an Amazon S3 bucket. Provision a persistent Amazon EMR cluster that has access to the S3 bucket. Enable S3 Object Lock on the S3 bucket. Use Apache Spark to perform queries. Use Amazon QuickSight for visualizations.
Answer: A
Explanation:
AWS CloudTrail Lake is purpose-built to store, query, and analyze CloudTrail events, including data events, without requiring additional infrastructure. The AWS Certified Security - Specialty documentation explains that CloudTrail Lake provides immutable event storage with configurable retention periods, including multi- year retention, which satisfies long-term compliance requirements such as 7-year retention. Events are stored in an append-only, immutable format managed by AWS, reducing operational complexity.
CloudTrail Lake supports SQL-based queries for complex analysis directly against the event data, eliminating the need to export logs to other services for querying. Additionally, CloudTrail Lake includes built-in dashboards and integrations that enable visualization of event trends and patterns without standing up separate analytics or visualization platforms.
Option B is invalid because CloudTrail Event History only retains events for up to 90 days and does not support long-term retention or advanced querying. Option C introduces high operational overhead and cost by requiring persistent Amazon EMR clusters and additional services. Option D incurs ongoing ingestion, indexing, and storage costs for OpenSearch Service over a 7-year period, making it less cost-effective than CloudTrail Lake.
AWS documentation positions CloudTrail Lake as the most cost-effective and operationally efficient solution for long-term, queryable CloudTrail event storage and visualization.
Referenced AWS Specialty Documents:
AWS Certified Security - Specialty Official Study Guide
AWS CloudTrail Lake Architecture and Retention
AWS CloudTrail Data Events Overview
NEW QUESTION # 43
A company needs to detect unauthenticated access to its Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (Amazon EKS) clusters. The solution must require no additional configuration of the existing EKS deployment.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST operational effort?
A. Enable AWS Security Hub and monitor Kubernetes findings.
B. Enable Amazon GuardDuty and use EKS Audit Log Monitoring.
C. Monitor CloudWatch Container Insights metrics for EKS.
D. Install a third-party security add-on.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Amazon GuardDuty provides managed threat detection and supports EKS protection features that analyze Kubernetes audit logs to detect suspicious activity, including unauthorized or unauthenticated access attempts.
AWS Certified Security - Specialty documentation recommends GuardDuty for low-overhead detection because it is fully managed and does not require deploying agents or modifying application code. EKS Audit Log Monitoring is designed to consume and analyze relevant control plane audit events to identify anomalous or unauthorized actions against the cluster. Compared to third-party add-ons, GuardDuty reduces operational burden and remains fully within AWS managed services. Security Hub aggregates findings from services like GuardDuty but does not itself perform the detection. CloudWatch Container Insights focuses on performance and operational metrics, not authentication security detections. Therefore, enabling GuardDuty with EKS Audit Log Monitoring provides the required detection with the least operational effort and without requiring additional configuration to the existing EKS workload beyond enabling the feature.
Referenced AWS Specialty Documents:
AWS Certified Security - Specialty Official Study Guide
Amazon GuardDuty EKS Protection and Audit Log Monitoring
AWS Threat Detection Best Practices for Kubernetes on AWS
NEW QUESTION # 44
A company stores infrastructure and application code in web-based, third-party, Git-compatible code repositories outside of AWS. The company wants to give the code repositories the ability to securely authenticate and assume an existing IAM role within the company's AWS account by using OpenID Connect (OIDC).
Which solution will meet these requirements?
A. Set up an account instance of AWS IAM Identity Center. Configure access to the code repositories as a customer managed OIDC application. Grant the application access to the IAM role.
B. Create an OIDC identity provider (IdP) by using AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) federation. Modify the trust policy of the IAM role to allow the code repositories to assume the IAM role.
C. Use AWS Resource Access Manager (AWS RAM) to create a new resource share that uses OIDC.Limit the resource share to the specified code repositories. Grant the IAM role access to the resource share.
D. Use AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) Roles Anywhere to create a trust anchor that uses OIDC. Modify the trust policy of the IAM role to allow the code repositories to assume the IAM role.
Answer: B
Explanation:
AWS IAM supports identity federation by allowing external identity providers that use OpenID Connect (OIDC) to authenticate and assume IAM roles. According to the AWS Certified Security - Specialty documentation, IAM OIDC identity providers are the recommended approach for enabling third-party systems, such as external CI/CD pipelines or Git-based repositories, to securely obtain temporary AWS credentials without using long-term access keys.
By creating an OIDC identity provider in IAM and configuring the IAM role trust policy to trust the external IdP, the company enables secure, token-based authentication. The trust policy can include conditions that restrict which repositories, branches, or workflows are allowed to assume the role, enforcing least privilege.
AWS Security Specialty guidance emphasizes that this method eliminates static credentials and relies on short- lived tokens issued by the OIDC provider.
Option B is incorrect because IAM Roles Anywhere is designed for workloads running outside AWS that use
X.509 certificates, not OIDC. Option C is intended for workforce identity federation, not machine-to-machine authentication. Option D is invalid because AWS RAM does not provide identity federation or authentication capabilities.
This solution aligns with AWS best practices for secure, scalable, and low-overhead authentication for external workloads.
Referenced AWS Specialty Documents:
AWS Certified Security - Specialty Official Study Guide
AWS IAM OIDC Identity Providers
AWS IAM Role Trust Policies
NEW QUESTION # 45
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isable* permission to the security engineer's IAM role.