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Title: 最新L4M1試題 - L4M1指南 [Print This Page]
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Title: 最新L4M1試題 - L4M1指南
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CIPS L4M1 考試大綱：
主題簡介
主題 1
  • Understand and analyse aspects of organisational infrastructure that shape the scope of procurement and supply chain functions: This section measures that skill of supply chain strategists and organizational analysts in understanding corporate governance, documented policies, accountability, and ethics. It also covers the impact of organisational policies and procedures on procurement and supply
主題 2
  • Procedures, strategies, manuals, and internal function involvement.
主題 3
  • Public, private, charity, not-for-profit, manufacturing, retail, construction, financial, agriculture, and service sectors. It also covers analyzing  the impact of the public sector on procurement and supply chain activities public sector objectives, regulations, competition, accountability, and value for money. It finally covers the impact of the private sector on procurement or supply chain activities.
主題 4
  • Understand and analyse the added value through procurement and supply chain management: This section of the exam measures skills of supply chain managers related to identifying added value outcomes in procurement and supply and evaluating cost savings, service improvements, and innovationsu contributions.It also measures procurement and supply processes that contribute to added value.

最新的 CIPS Level 4 Diploma in Procurement and Supply L4M1 免費考試真題 (Q14-Q19):問題 #14
Explain the following terms: outsourced procurement, shared service unit (SSU) and consortium procurement.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of each approach to procurement? (25 points)
答案：
解題說明：
See the solution inExplanation partbelow.
Explanation:
How to approach this question:
- There are 3 terms and an advantage and disadvantage for each you need to talk about. So that's 9 things. Out of 25 points you can see you'll probably only get 1-2 points for each aspect of the question. That shows you the level of detail you need to include - not that much!
- In terms of structure feel free to use headings and bullet points for this one Example Essay Outsourced procurement, shared service units (SSUs), and consortium procurement are distinct approaches to managing procurement activities within organizations. Each method carries its own set of advantages and disadvantages, catering to different organizational needs and circumstances.
Outsourced Procurement: Outsourced procurement involves engaging a procurement consultant or an external organization to provide advice or handle the entire procurement process on behalf of the company. The advantages of outsourced procurement are that it frees up internal resources, allowing them to focus on other tasks. The expertise and skills brought by external consultants can also fill gaps in the organization's capabilities. Moreover, this approach is flexible, adapting well to irregular procurement needs. However, drawbacks include a potential loss of control, higher costs, the need for an additional management layer, and the risk of losing intellectual property (IP).
Shared Service Unit (SSU): A Shared Service Unit is an internal procurement support function within an organization that various divisions can access for assistance, resembling the outsourcing concept but within the organizational structure. The advantages of SSUs lie in potential cost savings, the ability to aggregate demand, and the establishment of common standards and processes across the company. The expertise utilized is internal, providing a sense of familiarity. The disadvantage is that measuring the success of an SSU can be challenging, and there is a risk of stifling innovation. The unit may also be perceived as remote from end users, and procurement processes might be slower due to serving multiple departments.
Consortium Procurement: Consortium procurement involves a collective effort where separate organizations join forces to purchase goods, thereby increasing their bargaining power. The advantages of this approach are in the aggregated demand, resulting in more economical purchases. Pooling knowledge and expertise within the consortium enhances the collective capabilities of its members, providing a sense of safety in numbers.
However, disadvantages include a potential loss of individual organizational power, prolonged decision-making processes within the consortium, challenges in responding quickly to demands, and the potential hindrance to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) competing if demand is aggregated.
In conclusion, organizations must carefully consider their specific needs, priorities, and the nature of their procurement requirements when choosing between outsourced procurement, SSUs, or consortium procurement. Each approach offers unique benefits and challenges, and the decision-making process should align with the organization's overall goals and strategies.
Tutor Notes:
- I've named lots of advantages and disadvantages for each of the models. 1-2 advantages and disadvantages of each is all you need to secure you the marks. Remember you only have 35 minutes to write this. A danger with this type of question is spending too long on one aspect of the question and running out of time to answer the rest of it.
- A good idea is to pace yourself and give yourself 10 minutes per term (outsourced, SSU and consortium) then 5 minutes at the end to review and edit your response.
- Some further details you may wish to include:
- Outsourced procurement - this is often used when the organisation doesn't have the expertise to procure the item they need. This often happens for complex / technical procurements or highly regulated industries. An example may be a housing provider who runs a block of flats where the lift has just broken down and cannot be fixed. They need to procure a new lift but have no idea how to write a specification for this as they don't have the technical knowledge of how lifts work. Hiring a consultant who is experienced in tendering for lifts, although expensive, may actually save money by reducing the risk of procuring the wrong thing.
- SSU - a Shared Service Unit acts as a support function for the organisation. This is described in Porter's Value Chain- all other departments can call on the SSU when they require assistance. The SSU is responsible for managing its own costs, employs its own resources and may have contractual agreements with other divisions. The main aim of the SSU is to add value. SSUs are common in large organisations where the core activities don't revolve around procurement (such as finance and service industries).
- Consortium - Consortium buying is encouraged in the public sector in order to maximise value for money.
Consortiums can create their own Frameworks. There is a risk that large consortia can abuse their dominant market position.
- LO 3.3 p. 161

問題 #15
What is 'supply chain management'? Outline the drivers, advantages and disadvantages of using this approach within the Procurement Department of an organisation (25 points)
答案：
解題說明：
See the solution in Explanation part below.
Explanation:
How to approach the question
- There are 4 main components to this question that you will have to answer, so my advice is to first write down subheadings for your essay so you don't miss any out: definition of supply chain management, drivers, advantages and disadvantages
- The question also brings up 2 concepts - supply chain management and tiered supply chains, it would be good to include a definition of both of these.
- Because of the number of things you'll have to write, you don't need to go into lots of detail - one paragraph per section will be enough.
Proposed Essay Structure
Intro - what is supply chain management and what is a tiered supply chain P1 - drivers P2 - advantages P3 - disadvantages Conclusion - supply chains are complex due to globalisation Essay Ideas:
- Definition of supply chain management = Making something available in response to a buyer's requirements. The transformation of goods from raw material into an end product (input > conversion
> output)
- Drivers = Cost, Time/ Speed, Reliability, Responsiveness, Transparency, Globalisation
- Advantages = reduced costs by elimination of waste, improved responsiveness to customer requirements, joint-ventures with supply partners leading to innovations, tech sharing, improved communication leads to faster lead times for product development
- Disadvantages = needs considerable investment and internal support, closer relationships may be risky (IP, loss of control), issues in fairly distributing gains and risks (you don't need to talk about all of these- pick 1 or 2 you feel you know the best and focus on that) Example Essay Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the arrangement of processes involved in the production and distribution of goods / services - from the origin to the end consumer. In simple terms, it's taking a raw product and transforming it into an end product that a consumer would purchase. For example taking a potato from a farmer, giving it to a manufacturer to make into chips and sending these to retailers to be sold. SCM relies on close relationships between the parties in the supply chain and adds value to the product at every stage. A Tiered Supply Chain is a specific configuration within SCM that involves multiple levels of suppliers and sub-suppliers. A buyer will work with a small amount of Tier 1 suppliers who will in turn work with their own suppliers. In a tiered system there can be many, many layers of suppliers who all ultimately work towards creating the same product. This essay aims to delve into the drivers, advantages, and disadvantages associated with implementing a complex supply chain, such as the Tiered Supply Chain model.
The main drivers of using a tiered supply chain are often rooted in the pursuit of efficiency, cost- effectiveness, and flexibility. By consolidating suppliers into distinct tiers, organizations can streamline their management processes, reduce complexity, and enhance overall supply chain performance.
Additionally, tiered supply chains are often employed in response to the global nature of modern business, accommodating the need to source materials and components from various regions while maintaining a manageable and responsive supply network.
One of the advantages of a Tiered Supply Chain is the streamlined management of suppliers. In this model, there are fewer direct suppliers to oversee, simplifying the coordination and communication processes. This can lead to increased efficiency and responsiveness as organizations deal with a smaller, more manageable pool of suppliers. The consolidation of suppliers in a tiered system may also result in potential cost savings and improved collaboration with a select group of trusted partners.
However, the complexity of a Tiered Supply Chain brings disadvantages. One significant drawback is reduced visibility. As the supply chain extends across multiple tiers, organizations may struggle to have a comprehensive view of the entire process. This lack of visibility can lead to challenges in tracking and responding to potential disruptions. Moreover, ethical risks emerge when companies have limited oversight over lower-tier suppliers, potentially exposing organizations to issues such as labour exploitation, environmental concerns, or violations of ethical standards.
In conclusion, supply chain management has evolved into a complex discipline due to the forces of globalization and consumer demands for speed and quality. The Tiered Supply Chain model, driven by these factors, presents both advantages and disadvantages. While managing fewer suppliers can enhance efficiency, the trade-off includes diminished visibility and increased ethical risks.
Organizations must carefully evaluate the specific needs of their operations and weigh the benefits against the challenges when deciding whether to adopt a Tiered Supply Chain. In this intricate landscape, the ability to balance complexity and efficiency becomes paramount for sustained success in the global marketplace.
Tutor Notes
- Definition of supply chain management is from p.5
- Drivers, advantages and disadvantages p.9
- This topic used to be much more in depth in the old syllabus and has been drastically simplified in the new study guide. The guide is actually quite light on this topic stating simply that "globalisation and localisation are both drivers of using supply chain tiering". If you don't work in manufacturing, or an industry that uses supply chain tiering, this concept may be a bit alien to you and I'd recommend doing a little extra research. The best example of supply chain tiering is in car manufacturing- and that would be a good example to use in an essay. Some additional links for research:
- Supplier Tiers: What's The Difference Between Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3 | PLANERGY Software
- Sustainable Sourcing - Definition, Examples, Benefits & Best Practices (brightest.io)
- https://youtu.be/fs1rDgBQy1M

問題 #16
Sarah is thinking of setting up a charity in the UK which will look after animals that have been abandoned.
What regulations and governing bodies should Sarah be aware of when setting up her charity? (25 Points)
答案：
解題說明：
See the solution in Explanation part below.
Explanation:
How to approach this question
- Your essay should mention at least one regulation and one governing body particular to the charity section and I would recommend these be the Charities Act 2011 and the Charities Commission.
- If you don't know a lot about the sector you can bring up more generalised regulations and governing bodies, such as financial conduct and the Equalities Act, but make sure it's relevant to Sarah. Her charity is a small, local one, so things like Modern Slavery Act will not be appropriate to talk about.
Example Essay
When setting up a charity in the UK, particularly one focused on animal welfare, there are several regulations and governing bodies that Sarah should be aware of. These ensure that the charity operates legally, ethically, and effectively.
A charity's purpose involves raising awareness and helping someone or something, in Sarah's case this will be local animals and potentially their owners. A charity has to satisfy two aspects: The benefit aspect and The public aspect. In the UK, both aspects are regulated by the Charities Act 2011.
To satisfy a benefit aspect, a charity must: have a purpose that must be beneficial to the community it works in - this must be in a way that is identifiable and capable of beingproved by evidence. For Sarah this would be showing that her charity helps animals, potentially by taking them in off the street or removing them from dangerous homes and caring for them.
To satisfy a public aspect, a charity must benefit the public in general, or a sufficient section of the public. In Sarah's case the public benefit may be in removing stray dogs and cats from the streets where they can transport diseases and potentially attack people. Most charities strive to satisfy both aspects but in some cases this is not possible.
All charities are regulated. Because charities are funded by donations from the public, businesses and sometimes from government, their conduct is regulated closely. Key regulatory bodies that Sarah will have to engage with include:
1. Charity Commission for England and Wales:
  As the primary regulator for charities in England and Wales, the Charity Commission oversees the registration and regulation of charities. Sarah's organization must meet the legal definition of a charity and apply for registration if its income is over £5,000 per year.
  The Commission ensures compliance with the Charities Act, offering guidance on charity governance, financial management, and reporting.
2. HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC):
  Charities can apply to HMRC for recognition as a charity for tax purposes. This status allows for tax reliefs and exemptions, including Gift Aid on donations.
  HMRC ensures compliance with tax obligations and scrutinizes the use of charity funds.
3. Data Protection:
  Under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Data Protection Act 2018, any charity handling personal data must ensure its protection and comply with data privacy laws.
4. Health and Safety Executive (HSE):
  The HSE provides guidelines for workplace safety, which are important if the charity has employees or volunteers.
In conclusion there are many regulations and bodies that Sarah should be aware of when setting up her charity. Sarah should consider seeking legal advice or consulting with charity advisory services to ensure full compliance with all relevant laws and regulations. Additionally, staying informed about changes in charity law and animal welfare legislation would be beneficial to the smooth operation of her charity.
Tutor Notes
- With case study questions you're not expected to know anything about the specific topic, in this case Animal Charities. If it happens to be something you know about, you can bring in some of your own knowledge, but this isn't a requirement to get a good score. You're not expected to know, for example about the Animal Welfare Act 2006, but if you happen to do so, it could be a nice little thing to add in. Just don't focus your essay on it. However you can make some sensible guesses on what Sarah will be doing, for example I talked about removing stray animals from the street.
- Charities comes up in LO 4.4 p.232

問題 #17
What is a P2P system (5 points)? Explain the impact that using IT systems can have on the way the Procurement department of an organisation functions (25 points).
答案：
解題說明：
See the solution inExplanation partbelow.
Explanation:
- Definition of P2P - Purchase to Pay or Procure to Pay is the process an organisation takes from ordering a product to paying for it. The main stages of this process are product ordering, supplier requisition to pay, budget authorisation, receipt of delivery, and invoice processing.
- Impact of using IT Systems - can include the use of these systems: EPOS, barcodes/ RDIF, e-commerce systems such as POs and invoicing, and electronic communications such as email. Impacts can be; increased productivity, quicker processes, higher levels of visibility, increased responsiveness to demands, cost savings, less paper used, supplier relationships are managed virtually rather than in person. Generally the impacts are positive, but you could also discuss some disadvantages or challenges a department might face as the question is quite open.
Example Essay
A Procure-to-Pay system is a comprehensive solution that automates and integrates the procurement process within an organization, covering the entire lifecycle from requisitioning goods or services to making payments to suppliers.
The P2P process includes the following: a buyer requests an item, they put in a requisition, it is accepted by the supplier, the item is delivered and the item is then paid for. The order of the steps may be different depending on the industry / requirement (e.g. sometimes payment is made before delivery), or sometimes there are additional steps such as getting the requisition approved by a manager.
Nowadays the P2P process is mainly digitalised- orders are made online or via a PO system and payment is made via BACS. It is not common to pay for items in cash or bycheque any more. This digitalisation has had many effects on the way the procurement department functions. The P2P system streamlines and standardizes the purchasing process, enhancing efficiency, transparency, and control.
The integration of Information Technology (IT) systems has a profound impact on the functioning of the Procurement department within an organization. This digital transformation brings about significant improvements in efficiency, transparency, collaboration, and decision-making processes. Some of the key impacts include:
- Raised productivity - using IT systems results in quicker processes and they're often more accurate and consistent than humans doing the tasks manually. For example, an electronic requisition system can flag when a requisition isn't completed properly (e.g. part of the requisition is missing or a supplier name has been spelled incorrectly). When doing this manually the errors may not be spotted.
- Innovation - the use of IT means new avenues can be explored in terms of new product markets and new supply chains. Without the use of IT, procurement may be limited to working with local suppliers or those they can find in the phone book. Using IT systems such as e-auctions and even just the internet to complete research, opens up more opportunities to make purchases. This could involve working with international supply chains and result in cost savings for the business.
- Improved business processes - the use of IT means there is more transparency as everything is recorded and it is easier for managers to oversee. This results in less risk exposure for the business, particularly in fraud.
The use of IT also standardises processes which makes it easy for everyone to know what to do.
- When IT is used, there is an increased responsiveness of the procurement function - it allows for 24/7/365 ordering compared to making purchases in person in a shop which may only be open 9-5. Moreover , there are paperless communications when IT is used- this has a positive environmental impact
- Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) - IT systems support Supplier Relationship Management by providing tools to assess and manage supplier performance. This can include logging KPIs and tracking supplier performance. SRM functionalities enhance communication, collaboration, and visibility into supplier relationships.
In summary, the integration of IT systems into the Procurement department transforms traditional practices, making processes more streamlined, data-driven, and strategically focused. The impact is not only on operational efficiency but also on the ability of the procurement function to contribute strategically to the organization's overall objectives.
Tutor Notes
- The word impact is quite vague. I've mainly talked about advantages but you could discuss the impact that the use of IT has had on the department, not just in how it functions, but in how it is perceived. IT has professionalised the procurement industry as a whole- it's no longer seen as 'purchasing' but as a vital function within a business that contributes to added value and strategic goals.
- You could also talk about the impact it's had on ways of working. The use of IT has allowed for innovative procurement and manufacturing techniques such as Just-In-Time.The use of IT also ends silo-working, instead allowing for more collaboration with other business departments and the supply chain as a whole.
- LO 3.4 P. 171

問題 #18
Industry Sectors can be classified as Primary, Secondary and Tertiary. What is meant by an 'industry sector'?
Describe the main characteristics of and types of business you will find in these. (25 marks)
答案：
解題說明：
See the solution inExplanation partbelow.
Explanation:
How to approach this question
- The first question can be a simple introduction with a bit of extra detail. The main 'meat' to your essay is going to be explaining the three sectors, their characteristics and example businesses.
- Aim for three well explained characteristics as a minimum
Example essay
An industry sector refers to a broad category or grouping of businesses and economic activities that share similar characteristics and functions in the production and distribution of goods and services. These sectors are often classified into three main categories: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary. Here are the main characteristics and types of businesses you will find in each of these industry sectors:
1.Primary Sector:
*Characteristics: The primary sector involves activities related to the extraction and production of raw materials and natural resources directly from the environment. This sector relies on nature and weather patterns: businesses in the primary sector are highly dependent on natural factors such as climate, weather, soil quality, and geographic location. These factors can significantly impact the productivity and profitability of primary sector activities. Extreme weather such as floods can severely impact this sector. Moreover there is a seasonality to this sector and many activities in the primary sector require a significant amount of manual labour, particularly in agriculture, fishing, and forestry. However, modern technology has also been integrated into some primary sector activities to increase efficiency.
*Types of Businesses: a. Agriculture: This includes farming, crop cultivation, livestock raising, and forestry. b.
Mining and Extraction. c. Fishing and Aquaculture: Forestry and Logging: Includes the harvesting of timber and related activities.
2.Secondary Sector:
*Characteristic: The secondary sector focuses on the transformation of raw materials and intermediate goods into finished products. The main characteristic of the sector is that it requires high levels of machinery and industrial techniques. There is a reliance on technology. Secondly, the secondary sector adds significant value to the products compared to their raw material form. This value addition is achieved through processing, assembly, and quality control processes. The third main characteristic is standardisation: Manufacturing processes often involve standardization of components and processes to ensure consistency and quality in the final products. Standardization helps in economies of scale.
*Types of Businesses: a. Manufacturing: This sector includes factories and plants that produce tangible goods such as automobiles, electronics, textiles, and machinery. b. Construction: Involves the building and construction of structures like buildings, bridges, and infrastructure. c. Utilities: Companies providing essential services like electricity, gas, and water supply fall into this category.
3.Tertiary Sector:
*Characteristic: The tertiary sector is also known as the service sector and involves businesses that offer various services to consumers and other businesses. The main defining characteristic of this sector is Intangibility: Services are intangible and cannot be touched or held. They are often experienced directly by consumers through interactions with service providers or through the use of technology. Secondly, High Human Involvement: The tertiary sector relies heavily on a skilled and often highly educated workforce to deliver services effectively. This can include professionals such as doctors, lawyers, teachers, and customer service representatives. Lastly, Customization: Many services are customized to meet the specific needs and preferences of individual clients or customers. This personalization is a key characteristic of the tertiary sector.
For example Legal Advice will always be different depending on the specific needs of the client.
*Types of Businesses: a. Retail and Wholesale: Businesses engaged in the sale of goods to consumers or to other businesses. b. Healthcare and Education: This includes hospitals, clinics, schools, colleges, and universities. c. Financial Services: Banks, insurance companies, and investment firms are part of this sector. d.
Hospitality and Tourism: Hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, and entertainment venues fall into this category.
e. Professional Services: Legal, accounting, consulting, and IT services are part of the tertiary sector.
These industry sectors represent the different stages of economic activity, with the primary sector providing raw materials, the secondary sector processing and manufacturinggoods, and the tertiary sector offering services and distribution. Together, these sectors form the backbone of an economy, contributing to its growth and development Tutor Notes
- I've gone overboard on naming the types of organisation in the different sectors. You don't have to remember all of these. 3 examples is sufficient to get good marks. I've just named them all so you can see what could be considered a right answer.
- Some people are talking about Quaternary and Quinary Sectors. CIPS is not one of those people, so don't worry if you come across those terms in any further reading. But FYI
1.
*Quaternary Sector: This sector involves knowledge-based activities, including research and development, information technology, and data analysis.
*Quinary Sector: The quinary sector comprises high-level decision-making and leadership roles in areas such as government, academia, healthcare, and top-level corporate management.
- LO 4.1 p.196

問題 #19
......
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