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Which of the following statements is true?
A. Bugs are defects found during component testing, while failures are defects found at higher test levels
B. A defect may cause a failure which, when occurring, always causes an error
C. A defect does not always produce a failure, while a bug always produces a failure
D. Failures can be caused by defects, but also by environmental conditions
Answer: D
Explanation:
Failures can be caused by defects, but also by environmental conditions. A failure is an event in which the software system does not perform a required function or performs a function incorrectly, according to the expected behavior. A defect is a flaw in the software system or a deviation from the requirements or the specifications, that may cause a failure. However, not all failures are caused by defects, as some failures may be caused by environmental conditions, such as hardware malfunctions, network interruptions, power outages, incompatible configurations, etc. Environmental conditions are factors that affect the operation of the software system, but are not part of the software system itself. The other statements are false, because:
* A defect does not always produce a failure, while a bug always produces a failure. This statement is false, because a defect may or may not produce a failure, depending on the inputs, the outputs, the states, or the scenarios of the software system, and a bug is just another term for a defect, so it has the same possibility of producing a failure as a defect. For example, a defect in a rarely used feature or a hidden branch of the code may never produce a failure, while a defect in a frequently used feature or a critical path of the code may produce a failure often. A bug is not a different concept from a defect, but rather a synonym or a colloquial term for a defect, so it has the same definition and implications as a defect.
* A defect may cause a failure which, when occurring, always causes an error. This statement is false, because an error is not a consequence of a failure, but rather a cause of a defect. An error is a human action or a mistake that produces a defect in the software system, such as a typo, a logic flaw, a requirement misunderstanding, etc. An error is not observable in the software system, but rather in the human mind or the human work products, such as the code, the design, the documentation, etc. A failure is not a cause of an error, but rather a result of a defect, which is a result of an error. For example, an error in the code may cause a defect in the software system, which may cause a failure in the software behavior.
* Bugs are defects found during component testing, while failures are defects found at higher test levels.
This statement is false, because bugs and failures are not different types of defects, but rather different terms for defects and their manifestations. As mentioned before, bugs are just another word for defects, and failures are the events in which the software system does not perform as expected due to defects.
Bugs and failures can be found at any test level, not only at component testing or higher test levels. Test levels are the stages of testing that correspond to the levels of integration of the software system, such as component testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Defects and failures can occur and be detected at any test level, depending on the test objectives, the test basis, the test techniques, and the test environment. References: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.
0 sources and documents:
* ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 1.1.2, Testing and Quality1
* ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 1.2.1, Testing Principles1
* ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 1.3.1, Testing in Software Development Lifecycles1
* ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, Failure, Defect, Bug, Environmental Condition, Error, Test Level2
NEW QUESTION # 74
Which ONE of the following options MOST ACCURATELY describes statement testing?
A. In statement testing, the coverage items are branches, and the aim is to design test cases to exercise branches in the code until an acceptable level of coverage is achieved, expressed as a percentage.
B. In statement testing, the coverage items are control flow transfers between branches. The aim is to design test cases to exercise branches in the code until an acceptable level of coverage is achieved, expressed as a percentage.
C. In statement testing, the coverage items are decisions and statements. The aim is to design test cases that exercise statements in the code until an acceptable level of coverage is achieved, expressed as a percentage.
D. In statement testing, the coverage items are executable statements. The aim is to design test cases that exercise statements in the code until an acceptable level of coverage is achieved, expressed as a percentage.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:
Statement testing aims to execute every executable statement in the source code at least once.
* (D) is correct as statement testing ensures maximum statement execution.
* (A) describes branch testing, which focuses on flow transfers.
* (B) and (C) incorrectly mix decision testing and branch testing concepts.
Reference: ISTQB CTFL v4.0 Syllabus, Section 4.3.1 - Statement Testing
NEW QUESTION # 75
Which of the following is MOST likely to be an example of a PROJECT risk?
A. A computation is not always performed correctly in some situations
B. Team members' skills may not be sufficient for the assigned work
C. A system architecture may not support some non-functional requirements
D. Specific modules do not adequately meet their intended functions according to the user
Answer: B
Explanation:
A project risk relates to potential issues that could affect the overall success of the project. Among the options provided, the risk that "Team members' skills may not be sufficient for the assigned work" is clearly a project risk because it pertains to the potential failure of the project due to inadequate skillsets among the team. This risk affects the entire project's ability to meet its objectives.
Reference:
ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Section 1.4.2.
NEW QUESTION # 76
Which of the following statements about decision tables are TRUE?
I) Generally, decision tables are generated for low risk test items.
II) Test cases derived from decision tables can be used for component tests.
III) Several test cases can be selected for each column of the decision table.
IV) The conditions in the decision table represent negative tests generally.
A. II, IV
B. I, Ill
C. I, IV
D. II, Ill
Answer: D
Explanation:
A decision table is a technique that shows combinations of inputs and/or stimuli (causes) with their associated outputs and/or actions (effects). A decision table consists of four quadrants: conditions (inputs), actions (outputs), condition entries (values) and action entries (results). The following statements about decision tables are true:
II, Test cases derived from decision tables can be used for component tests. Decision tables can be used to test components that have multiple inputs and outputs that depend on logical combinations of conditions. Decision tables can help cover all possible combinations or scenarios in a systematic way.
III, Several test cases can be selected for each column of the decision table. A column of a decision table represents a unique combination of condition entries and action entries. Several test cases can be selected for each column by varying other input values or expected results that are not part of the decision table. The following statements about decision tables are false:
I, Generally, decision tables are generated for low risk test items. Decision tables are not related to risk level, but rather to complexity level. Decision tables are generated for test items that have complex logic or multiple conditions and actions that need to be tested.
IV, The conditions in the decision table represent negative tests generally. The conditions in the decision table represent both positive and negative tests, depending on whether they are valid or invalid inputs for the test item. Verified Reference: A Study Guide to the ISTQB Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer, Chapter 4, page 42-43.
NEW QUESTION # 77
A software module to be used in a mission critical application incorporates an algorithm for secure transmission of data.
Which review type is most appropriate to ensure high quality and technical correctness of the algorithm?
A. Informal Review
B. Walkthrough
C. Management Review
D. Technical Review
Answer: D
Explanation:
A technical review is a type of formal review that involves a team of technical experts who evaluate a software product against a set of predefined quality criteria. A technical review is suitable for ensuring high quality and technical correctness of complex or critical software components, such as algorithms, architectures or designs. A technical review is not a walkthrough, which is an informal review led by the author of the work product. A technical review is not an informal review, which is a review that does not follow a defined process and has no formal entry or exit criteria. A technical review is not a management review, which is a type of formal review that focuses on business aspects and project progress. Verified References: A Study Guide to the ISTQB Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus - Springer, Chapter 3, page 29-
30.
NEW QUESTION # 78
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