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Insecure direct object reference is a type of vulnerability where the application does not verify if the user is authorized to access the internal object via its name or key. Suppose a malicious user Rob tries to get access to the account of a benign user Ned.
Which of the following requests best illustrates an attempt to exploit an insecure direct object reference vulnerability?
A. "GET /restricted/goldtransfer?to=Rob&from=1 or 1=1' HTTP/1.1Host: westbank.com"
B. "GET /restricted/%00account%00Ned%00access HTTP/1.1 Host: westbank.com"
C. "GET /restricted/accounts/?name=Ned HTTP/1.1 Host westbank.com"
D. "GET /restricted/ HTTP/1.1 Host: westbank.com
Answer: C
Explanation:
This question shows a classic example of an IDOR vulnerability. Rob substitutes Ned's name in the "name" parameter and if the developer has not fixed this vulnerability, then Rob will gain access to Ned's account.
Below you will find more detailed information about IDOR vulnerability.
Insecure direct object references (IDOR) are a cybersecurity issue that occurs when a web application developer uses an identifier for direct access to an internal implementation object but provides no additional access control and/or authorization checks. For example, an IDOR vulnerability would happen if the URL of a transaction could be changed through client-side user input to show unauthorized data of another transaction.
Most web applications use simple IDs to reference objects. For example, a user in a database will usually be referred to via the user ID. The same user ID is the primary key to the database column containing user information and is generated automatically. The database key generation algorithm is very simple: it usually uses the next available integer. The same database ID generation mechanisms are used for all other types of database records.
The approach described above is legitimate but not recommended because it could enable the attacker to enumerate all users. If it's necessary to maintain this approach, the developer must at least make absolutely sure that more than just a reference is needed to access resources. For example, let's say that the web application displays transaction details using the following URL:
* https://www.example.com/transaction.php?id=74656
A malicious hacker could try to substitute the id parameter value 74656 with other similar values, for example:
* https://www.example.com/transaction.php?id=74657
The 74657 transaction could be a valid transaction belonging to another user. The malicious hacker should not be authorized to see it. However, if the developer made an error, the attacker would see this transaction and hence we would have an insecure direct object reference vulnerability.
NEW QUESTION # 321
During an external security review of a manufacturing firm in Detroit, Michigan, you're asked to prioritize patch baselines for internet-facing servers without logging in or establishing full sessions. To achieve this, you analyze network-level responses and capture application output in order to determine the underlying system and its software release. Which technique best fits this objective?
A. OS Discovery
B. Service Version Discovery
C. Vulnerability Scanning
D. Port Scanning
Answer: B
Explanation:
The correct answer is A. Service Version Discovery because the objective is to identify the software release
/version running on internet-facing services by analyzing network responses and application output-without authenticating or establishing full sessions. In CEH-aligned reconnaissance methodology, service/version discovery (often called version detection or banner grabbing) focuses on determining what service is running (e.g., HTTP server, SSH daemon, SMTP server) and which version/build it is (e.g., Apache/Nginx version, OpenSSH version, application framework release). This information directly supports "prioritizing patch baselines" because patch urgency depends heavily on exact product versions: knowing the version helps map exposure to known vulnerabilities and identify outdated builds.
The prompt's wording "analyze network-level responses and capture application output" is consistent with techniques such as banner grabbing, protocol negotiation, and response fingerprinting. Many services disclose identifying strings in headers, greetings, error pages, TLS certificates, or protocol handshakes. Even when banners are minimized, subtle differences in responses can still indicate versions or at least narrow the product family. This is typically done externally and does not require credentials, matching the constraint
"without logging in or establishing full sessions."
Why the other options are less accurate: Port scanning identifies which ports are open and which services may be present, but it does not necessarily determine precise software releases. OS discovery (OS fingerprinting) aims to infer the operating system and sometimes kernel family from packet characteristics; it is helpful but the task emphasizes "software release" and "application output," which aligns more with service version detection than OS detection. Vulnerability scanning goes further by testing for known weaknesses and misconfigurations; while it may include version detection, the question asks for the technique that best fits the stated objective-determining the underlying service/software release from network/application responses- making service version discovery the most direct match.
Therefore, the technique is Service Version Discovery.
NEW QUESTION # 322
The collection of potentially actionable, overt, and publicly available information is known as
A. Real intelligence
B. Human intelligence
C. Open-source intelligence
D. Social intelligence
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 323
On July 25, 2025, during a security assessment at Apex Technologies in Boston, Massachusetts, ethical hacker Sophia Patel conducts a penetration test to evaluate the company's defenses against a simulated DDoS attack targeting their e-commerce platform. The simulated attack floods the platform with traffic from multiple sources, attempting to overwhelm server resources. The IT team activates a specific tool that successfully mitigates this attack by distributing traffic across multiple servers and filtering malicious requests. Sophia's test aims to verify the effectiveness of this tool in maintaining service availability.
Which DoS DDoS protection tool is most likely being utilized by the IT team in this scenario?
A. Firewall
B. Web Application Firewall WAF
C. Load Balancer
D. Intrusion Prevention System IPS
Answer: C
Explanation:
A load balancer is the best match because the key mitigation behavior described is distributing incoming traffic across multiple servers to prevent any single system from being overwhelmed. In CEH coverage of availability attacks, one of the most practical architectural defenses against flooding-based DoS and DDoS is to scale horizontally and place a load-balancing layer in front of a server pool. This allows the organization to absorb spikes by spreading connections and requests across multiple backend nodes, improving resilience and maintaining uptime.
The scenario also mentions filtering malicious requests. Modern load balancers commonly provide health checks, rate limiting, connection limiting, and integration with access control rules, and they are often deployed alongside DDoS scrubbing or edge protections. Even when the filtering logic is implemented through integrated security policies or upstream services, the defining characteristic in the prompt is traffic distribution across multiple servers, which is a primary function of load balancing and a common CEH- referenced mitigation strategy for volumetric attacks.
A web application firewall focuses on inspecting and blocking malicious HTTP and application-layer payloads such as injection, request anomalies, and known attack patterns, but it is not primarily responsible for distributing traffic across multiple servers. An IPS can block suspicious patterns and exploit attempts, yet it does not typically provide the core traffic distribution function described. A traditional firewall enforces network-level rules and may help with rate limits, but it does not inherently balance traffic across a server farm. Therefore, the most likely tool in use here is a load balancer.
NEW QUESTION # 324
You are a cybersecurlty consultant for a smart city project. The project involves deploying a vast network of loT devices for public utilities like traffic control, water supply, and power grid management The city administration is concerned about the possibility of a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack crippling these critical services. They have asked you for advice on how to prevent such an attack. What would be your primary recommendation?
A. Establish strong, unique passwords for each loT device.
B. Implement IP address whitelisting for all loT devices.
C. Implement regular firmware updates for all loT devices.
D. A Deploy network intrusion detection systems (IDS) across the loT network.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Implementing regular firmware updates for all IoT devices is the primary recommendation to prevent DDoS attacks on the smart city project. Firmware updates can fix security vulnerabilities, patch bugs, and improve performance of the IoT devices, making them less susceptible to malware infections and botnet recruitment12. Firmware updates can also enable new security features, such as encryption, authentication, and firewall, that can protect the IoT devices from unauthorized access and data theft3. Firmware updates should be done automatically or remotely, without requiring user intervention, to ensure timely and consistent security across the IoT network4.
The other options are not as effective or feasible as firmware updates for the following reasons:
B). Deploying network intrusion detection systems (IDS) across the IoT network can help detect and alert DDoS attacks, but not prevent them. IDS can monitor network traffic and identify malicious patterns, such as high volume, spoofed IP addresses, or unusual protocols, that indicate a DDoS attack5. However, IDS cannot block or mitigate the attack, and may even be overwhelmed by the flood of traffic, resulting in false positives or missed alerts. Moreover, deploying IDS across a vast network of IoT devices can be costly, complex, and resource-intensive, as it requires dedicated hardware, software, and personnel.
C). Establishing strong, unique passwords for each IoT device can prevent unauthorized access and brute-force attacks, but not DDoS attacks. Passwords can protect the IoT devices from being compromised by hackers who try to guess or crack the default or weak credentials. However, passwords cannot prevent DDoS attacks that exploit known or unknown vulnerabilities in the IoT devices, such as buffer overflows, command injections, or protocol flaws. Moreover, establishing and managing strong, unique passwords for each IoT device can be challenging and impractical, as it requires user awareness, memory, and effort.
D). Implementing IP address whitelisting for all IoT devices can restrict network access and communication to trusted sources, but not DDoS attacks. IP address whitelisting can filter out unwanted or malicious traffic by allowing only the predefined IP addresses to connect to the IoT devices. However, IP address whitelisting cannot prevent DDoS attacks that use spoofed or legitimate IP addresses, such as reflection or amplification attacks, that bypass the whitelisting rules. Moreover, implementing IP address whitelisting for all IoT devices can be difficult and risky, as it requires constant updating, testing, and monitoring of the whitelist, and may block legitimate or emergency traffic by mistake.
References:
1: How to proactively protect IoT devices from DDoS attacks - Synopsys
2: IoT and DDoS: Cyberattacks on the Rise | A10 Networks
3: Detection and Prevention of DDoS Attacks on the IoT - MDPI
4: How to Secure IoT Devices: 5 Best Practices | IoT For All
5: Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) Part 1 - Network Security | Coursera
6: DDoS Attacks: Detection and Mitigation - Cisco
7: The Challenges of IoT Security - Infosec Resources
8: IoT Security: How to Protect Connected Devices and the IoT Ecosystem | Kaspersky
9: IoT Security: Common Vulnerabilities and Attacks | IoT For All
10: The Password Problem: How to Use Passwords Effectively in 2021 | Dashlane Blog
11: What is IP Whitelisting? | Cloudflare
12: DDoS Attacks: Types, Techniques, and Protection | Cloudflare
13: IP Whitelisting: Pros and Cons | Imperva
NEW QUESTION # 325
......
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