CIPS L4M3過去問題: CIPS Commercial Contracting - Pass4Test確実に試験に合格する

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CIPS L4M3 資格試験は、商業契約における専門的な知識と高度なスキルセットを取得するための優れた方法です。世界中でコンピテントな商業契約プロフェッショナルの需要が高まる中、この資格を取得した個人は組織にとって非常に価値があります。また、この資格は契約プロセスに影響を与える法律や財務の側面を含めた重要な要因についての洞察を提供します。全体的に、調達と契約のキャリアを発展させたい人にとって優れた機会を提供しています。
CIPS L4M3の認定資格は、商業契約における知識とスキルを向上させたい調達やサプライチェーンの専門家にとって貴重な資格です。それは、契約の法的・商業的側面を包括的に理解し、サプライヤーや他の外部の関係者との契約を効果的に交渉・管理するために必要なスキルを身につけるよう設計されています。

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CIPS Commercial Contracting 認定 L4M3 試験問題 (Q12-Q17):質問 # 12
What are disadvantages of a buyer contracting on the supplier's terms? Select TWO that apply.

• A. The buyer would not be subject to any indemnity clause obligations
• B. Prices may increase without notification to the buyer
• C. Title to goods may remain with the supplier until payment is received
• D. Materials will not be changed without the buyer's consent
• E. Goods received late will incur penalties for the supplier
  

正解：B、C、D、E
解説：
Contracting on the supplier's terms can pose risks for the buyer. Common disadvantages include retention of title clauses (C), where the supplier retains ownership of goods until full payment is made. Also, suppliers may include clauses allowing them to raise prices without notification (E). These terms shift risk to the buyer and reduce predictability and control.
Reference:
CIPS L4M3 Commercial Contracting Study Guide, Chapter 3, Section 3.1.3 - Standard forms of contract and negotiating key terms.

質問 # 13
Which of the following are reasons why a purchaser wants to embed a subcontracting clause into the main contract? Select TWO that apply:

• A. To improve supply chain transparency
• B. To keep main contractor liable
• C. To reduce the main contract complexity
• D. To condemn whole liabilities to subcontractors
• E. To induce the conflicts between the main contractor and subcontractors
  

正解：A、B
解説：
There are number of reasons why the purchaser will want to control the supplier's subcontracting:
- Supply chain transparency: Normally the purchaser has invested a lot of effort into selecting the right contractor. However, the main contractor's selection of subcontractor might not be in such careful manner, which may result in poor performance. Purchaser must know who subcontractors are. Controlling the subcontracting process can help the purchaser control the outcome.
- Contract terms: the purchaser's requirements must be reflected in the subcontracts. The subcontracting clauses may require the main contractor to do this.
- Liability: the main contractor may subcontract the whole or a part of its liabilities. Subcontracting clause may bind the contractor to be liable with the work, it cannot just blame the subcontractor for any faults.
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.2

質問 # 14
When a contract has been agreed on the basis of a fraudulent misrepresentation, which of the following remedies are available?

• A. An injunction only
• B. Rescission only
• C. Damages only
• D. Both damages and rescission
  

正解：A
解説：
An untrue statement of fact or law made by Party A (or its agent) to Party B, which induces Party B to enter a contract with Party A thereby causing Party B loss. An action for misrepresentation can be brought in respect of a misrepresentation of fact or law.
There are three types of misrepresentation:
- Fraudulent misrepresentation: where a false representation has been made knowingly, or without belief in its truth, or recklessly as to its truth.
- Negligent misrepresentation: a representation made carelessly and in breach of duty owed by Party A to Party B to take reasonable care that the representation is accurate. If no "special relationship" exists, there may be a misrepresentation under section 2(1) of the Misrepresentation Act 1967 where a statement is made carelessly or without reasonable grounds for believing its truth.
- Innocent misrepresentation: a representation that is neither fraudulent nor negligent.
The remedies for misrepresentation are rescission and/or damages. For fraudulent and negligent misrepresentation, the claimant may claim rescission and damages. For innocent misrepresentation, the court has a discretion to award damages in lieu of rescission; the court cannot award both (see section 2(2) of the Misrepresentation Act 1967). For more information, see Practice note, Misrepresentation.
Reference:
- Misrepresentation
- CIPS study guide page 55
LO 1, AC 1.2

質問 # 15
What are five essential elements of a legally binding contract?

• A. Offer, agreement, consensus, capacity, correct form
• B. Offer, acceptance, mediation, capacity, contract
• C. Offer, acceptance, compensation, ability, correct form
• D. Offer, acceptance, consideration, capacity, correct form
  

正解：D
解説：
The five essential elements of a valid contract are: offer, acceptance, consideration (something of value exchanged), capacity (legal ability to contract), and correct form (in writing if required). These ensure that contracts are legally enforceable and binding.
Reference:CIPS L4M3 Commercial Contracting Study Guide, Chapter 1, Section 1.1.1 - Essential elements of a valid contract.

質問 # 16
Which of the following is the reason why liquidated damage clauses are embedded into a contract?

• A. Because liquidated damages are the only remedy
• B. To avoid argument on correct measure of damage
• C. To penalise the supplier for their wrongdoing
• D. Because compensation will be awarded immediately
  

正解：B
解説：
Liquidated damages are an amount of money, agreed upon by the parties at the time of the contract signing, that establishes the damages that can be recovered in the event a party breaches the contract. The amount is supposed to reflect the best estimate of actual damages when the parties sign the contract. These usually apply to a specific type of breach, and in construction, it is frequently the failure to complete work on time.
Liquidated damages clauses are usually written as some sort of formula, for example:
Total Contract Price - [(X amount of $ per day) x (number of days late)] Including a liquidated damages clause can provide many benefits, the most important of which is predictability. When setting a predetermined amount of damages, it allows both parties a chance to negotiate and settle on a number they both feel is fair and reasonable.
From the owner's perspective, this acts like a cheap form of insurance against your contractors. In the event of a breach, the owner can immediately calculate the damages without going through the trouble of proving actual damages. Proving actual damages can be a complicated, lengthy, and costly process.
From a contractor perspective, this allows them to analyze the level of risk involved, and schedule appropriately. It also allows them the opportunity to limit the damage claims of the owner.
Reference:
- Construction Contract Clauses: What Is a Liquidated Damages Clause?
- CIPS study guide page 158-159
LO 3, AC 3.2

質問 # 17
......
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