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[Hardware] L4M2前提条件、L4M2試験復習

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【Hardware】 L4M2前提条件、L4M2試験復習

Posted at 12 hour before      View：17 | Replies：0        Print      Only Author   [Copy Link] 1#
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CIPS L4M2（ビジネスニーズの定義）認定試験は、ビジネスアナリストや他の専門家がビジネスニーズと要件を定義する専門知識を実証する絶好の機会です。この資格を獲得することにより、彼らはキャリアの見通しを強化し、組織の成功により効果的に貢献することができます。
CIPS L4M2（ビジネスニーズの定義）試験は、ビジネスニーズの定義に関する知識とスキルを向上させたい調達およびサプライチェーンの専門家を対象とした認定試験です。この試験は、調達専門家のための世界的に認められた資格であるChartered Institute of Procurement and Supply（CIPS）Level 4 Diploma in Procurement and Supplyプログラムの一部です。試験は、ビジネス要件の理解、ステークホルダーの特定、ビジネスケースの開発など、さまざまなトピックをカバーしています。
L4M2試験復習 & L4M2過去問題テストに関する最も有用で効率的なL4M2トレーニング資料を提供するために最善を尽くし、クライアントが効率的に学習できるように複数の機能と直感的な方法を提供します。 L4M2の有用なテストガイドを学習すれば、時間と労力はほとんどかかりません。合格率とヒット率はどちらも高いため、テストに合格するための障害はほとんどありません。 Webで紹介を読んだ後、L4M2学習実践ガイドをさらに理解できます。
ビジネスニーズの定義ユニットは、調達の決定が行われるより広範なビジネスコンテキストを理解するのに役立つため、調達およびサプライチェーンの専門家に特に関連しています。ビジネスニーズを理解することにより、調達の専門家は、調達戦略が組織の目標と目的と一致するようにすることができます。
CIPS Defining Business Needs 認定 L4M2 試験問題 (Q233-Q238):質問 # 233
When a procurement manager considers a substitution, the number and nature of additional func-tions that substitute provides should be taken into account carefully. Which of the following ratio could help the procurement manager to make the right decision?
  • A. Price to Earnings ratio
  • B. Price to book value ratio
  • C. Reserve requirement ratio
  • D. Value to price ratio
正解：D
解説：
One product substitutes for another if it offers buyers an inducement to switch that exceeds the cost or overcomes the resistance to doing so. A substitute offers an inducement to switch if the substitute provides the buyer with more value relative to its price than the product currently being used. There is always some cost of switching to a substitute because of the disruption and potential reconfiguration of buyer activities that must result, however. The threat of a substitute will vary depending on the size of the inducement relative to the required switching costs.
In addition to relative value to price and switching cost, the pattern of substitution is influenced by what I term the buyer's propensity to switch. Faced with equivalent economic inducements for substitution, different buyers will often evaluate substitution differently. The threat of substitution, then, is a function of three factors:
* The relative value/ price of a substitute compared to an industry's product
* The cost of switching to the substitute
* The buyer's propensity to switch
Porter, Michael E.. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance (p. 278). Free Press. Kindle Edition.
The price-to-book ratio compares a company's market value to its book value. The market value of a company is its share price multiplied by the number of outstanding shares. The book value is the net assets of a company.
The price-to-earnings ratio (P/E ratio) is the ratio for valuing a company that measures its current share price relative to its earnings per share (EPS). The price-to-earnings ratio is also sometimes known as the price multiple or the earnings multiple.
The reserve ratio is the portion of reservable liabilities that commercial banks must hold onto, rather than lend out or invest. This is a requirement determined by the country's central bank, which in the United States is the Federal Reserve. It is also known as the cash reserve ratio.
LO 2, AC 2.2

質問 # 234
Which of the following is an useful tool for value engineering?
  • A. Kano model
  • B. Kraljic Portfolio Matrix
  • C. Star-burst method
  • D. SAMOA
正解：A
解説：
Value Engineering (VE) is concerned with new products. It is applied during product development. The focus is on reducing costs, improving function or both, by way of teamwork-based product evaluation and analysis. This takes place before any capital is invested in tooling, plant or equipment.
This is very significant, because according to many reports, up to 80% of a product's costs (throughout the rest of its life-cycle), are locked in at the design development stage. This is under-standable when you consider the design of any product determines many factors, such as tooling, plant and equipment, labour and skills, training costs, materials, shipping, installation, maintenance, as well as decommissioning and recycle costs.
The Kano model is a theory for product development and customer satisfaction developed in the 1980s by Professor Noriaki Kano, which classifies customer preferences into five categories. Both Kano model and Value Engineering aims at optimising new product, so they can be combined to-gether. CIPS L4M2 study guide consider Kano model is a tool of Value Engineering

Example of Kano model (source: Wikipedia)
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.4

質問 # 235
Royal Navy is preparing a through-life contract. They put to the contract a term on rectification of operational defects and planning and delivery of Fleet Time Support Periods. Which part of through-life requirement does this term belong to?
  • A. Installation
  • B. In-service support
  • C. Customer support
  • D. Manufacture
正解：B
解説：
There are 6 main components of the through-life requirements of an asset: Design, Manufacture, Installation, In-service support, Decommission and disposal and Customer support.
Rectification of operational defects and planning and delivery of Fleet Time Support Periods are maintenance activities which belong to in-service support. You may have chosen Customer support. However, in through- life asset management context, customer support does not include maintenance services. Instead, it is the services that go along the stages of asset life. It may include consulting, communication and information exchange.
Diagram, table Description automatically generated

Source: Andrew Graves

質問 # 236
Which of the following would be considered to be direct costs? Select TWO that apply:
  • A. Manufacturing staff wages
  • B. Company car depreciation
  • C. Buildings insurance
  • D. Head office salaries
  • E. Production materials
正解：A、E
解説：
Detailed Explanation:
A (Production materials): These are directly tied to the production of goods and are variable costs.
D (Manufacturing staff wages): Labour directly involved in the production process is a direct cost.
Indirect costs like salaries, depreciation, and insurance are related to overheads and not directly tied to production. Reference: CIPS Level 4, Cost Structures.

質問 # 237
Dana is an automobile manufacturer. It has a new electrification strategy that aims at making eco-friendly electric pick-up trucks. To implement this strategy, the procurement department must source new categories of parts that make motors, sensors, solenoids and stators. He starts to analyse the market by identifying specific supply market segments for those parts and finding suppliers who have the best capabilities in those segment. He intends to segment the market based on specific features of the products. Which variable is used by Dana procurement manager to shape and manage supply market?
  • A. Buyer segments
  • B. Product segments
  • C. Geographical segments
  • D. Channel segments
正解：B
解説：
In sales and marketing, market segmentation is the process of trying to understand clusters of cus-tomers in terms of their buying behavior and their buying characteristics. There are some traditional segmentation approaches: geography, demography, types of industry and the benefits. Then there are newer segmentation approaches: behavioral, situational, and psychographic.
Procurement professionals can learn market segmentation from sales and marketing. Segmenting the market can help them to shape and manage the supply market effectively. According to Michael Porter, a market can be segment with array of products and buyers.
Text Description automatically generated

Source: Porter, Michael E.. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance (p. 234).
Free Press. Kindle Edition.
In the scenario, the products that Dana needs to source is distinct in their features. The best way is to segment the market by product varieties.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 65
LO 2, AC 2.1

質問 # 238
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