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[General] ISTQB CT-AI Reliable Exam Practice - CT-AI Exam PDF

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【General】 ISTQB CT-AI Reliable Exam Practice - CT-AI Exam PDF

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ISTQB CT-AI Exam Syllabus Topics:
TopicDetails
Topic 1
  • Quality Characteristics for AI-Based Systems: This section covers topics covered how to explain the importance of flexibility and adaptability as characteristics of AI-based systems and describes the vitality of managing evolution for AI-based systems. It also covers how to recall the characteristics that make it difficult to use AI-based systems in safety-related applications.
Topic 2
  • Neural Networks and Testing: This section of the exam covers defining the structure and function of a neural network including a DNN and the different coverage measures for neural networks.
Topic 3
  • systems from those required for conventional systems.
Topic 4
  • ML Functional Performance Metrics: In this section, the topics covered include how to calculate the ML functional performance metrics from a given set of confusion matrices.
Topic 5
  • Introduction to AI: This exam section covers topics such as the AI effect and how it influences the definition of AI. It covers how to distinguish between narrow AI, general AI, and super AI; moreover, the topics covered include describing how standards apply to AI-based systems.
Topic 6
  • Test Environments for AI-Based Systems: This section is about factors that differentiate the test environments for AI-based

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ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Exam Sample Questions (Q110-Q115):NEW QUESTION # 110
"AllerEgo" is a product that uses sell-learning to predict the behavior of a pilot under combat situation for a variety of terrains and enemy aircraft formations. Post training the model was exposed to the real- world data and the model was found to be behaving poorly. A lot of data quality tests had been performed on the data to bring it into a shape fit for training and testing.
Which ONE of the following options is least likely to describes the possible reason for the fall in the performance, especially when considering the self-learning nature of the Al system?
SELECT ONE OPTION
* The difficulty of defining criteria for improvement before the model can be accepted.
* The fast pace of change did not allow sufficient time for testing.
* The unknown nature and insufficient specification of the operating environment might have caused the poor performance.
*  There was an algorithmic bias in the Al system.
Answer:
Explanation:
* A. The difficulty of defining criteria for improvement before the model can be accepted.
* Defining criteria for improvement is a challenge in the acceptance of AI models, but it is not directly related to the performance drop in real-world scenarios. It relates more to the evaluation and deployment phase rather than affecting the model's real-time performance post-deployment.
* B. The fast pace of change did not allow sufficient time for testing.
* This can significantly affect the model's performance. If the system is self-learning, it needs to adapt quickly, and insufficient testing time can lead to incomplete learning and poor performance.
* C. The unknown nature and insufficient specification of the operating environment might have caused the poor performance.
* This is highly likely to affect performance. Self-learning AI systems require detailed specifications of the operating environment to adapt and learn effectively. If the environment is insufficiently specified, the model may fail to perform accurately in real-world scenarios.
* D. There was an algorithmic bias in the AI system.
* Algorithmic bias can significantly impact the performance of AI systems. If the model has biases, it will not perform well across different scenarios and data distributions.
Given the context of the self-learning nature and the need for real-time adaptability, optionAis least likely to describe the fall in performance because it deals with acceptance criteria rather than real-time performance issues.

NEW QUESTION # 111
A wildlife conservation group would like to use a neural network to classify images of different animals. The algorithm is going to be used on a social media platform to automatically pick out pictures of the chosen animal of the month. This month's animal is set to be a wolf. The test teamhas already observed that the algorithm could classify a picture of a dog as being a wolf because of the similar characteristics between dogs and wolves. To handle such instances, the team is planning to train the model with additional images of wolves and dogs so that the model is able to better differentiate between the two.
What test method should you use to verify that the model has improved after the additional training?
  • A. Metamorphic testing because the application domain is not clearly understood at this point.
  • B. Pairwise testing using combinatorics to look at a long list of photo parameters.
  • C. Back-to-back testing using the version of the model before training and the new version of the model after being trained with additional images.
  • D. Adversarial testing to verify that no incorrect images have been used in the training.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Back-to-back testing isused to compare two different versions of an ML model, which is precisely what is needed in this scenario.
* The model initiallymisclassified dogs as wolvesdue to feature similarities.
* Thetest team retrains the modelwith additional images of dogs and wolves.
* The best way to verify whether this additional trainingimproved classification accuracyis to compare theoriginal model's output with the newly trained model's output using the same test dataset.
* A (Metamorphic Testing):Metamorphic testing is useful forgenerating new test casesbased on existing ones but does not directly compare different model versions.
* B (Adversarial Testing):Adversarial testing is used to check how robust a model is againstmaliciously perturbed inputs, not to verify training effectiveness.
* C (Pairwise Testing)airwise testing is a combinatorial technique for reducing the number of test casesby focusing on key variable interactions, not for validating model improvements.
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus (Section 9.3: Back-to-Back Testing)
* "Back-to-back testing is used when an updated ML model needs to be compared against a previous version to confirm that it performs better or as expected".
* "The results of the newly trained model are compared with those of the prior version to ensure that changes did not negatively impact performance".
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:Supporting References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:Conclusion:To verify that the model's performance improved after retraining,back-to-back testing is the most appropriate methodas it compares both model versions. Hence, thecorrect answer is D.

NEW QUESTION # 112
Upon testing a model used to detect rotten tomatoes, the following data was observed by the test engineer, based on certain number of tomato images.

For this confusion matrix which combinations of values of accuracy, recall, and specificity respectively is CORRECT?
SELECT ONE OPTION
  • A. 0.84.1,0.9
  • B. 1,0.9, 0.8
  • C. 1,0.87,0.84
  • D. 0.87.0.9. 0.84
Answer: D
Explanation:
To calculate the accuracy, recall, and specificity from the confusion matrix provided, we use the following formulas:
* Confusion Matrix:
* Actually Rotten: 45 (True Positive), 8 (False Positive)
* Actually Fresh: 5 (False Negative), 42 (True Negative)
* Accuracy:
* Accuracy is the proportion of true results (both true positives and true negatives) in the total population.
* Formula: Accuracy=TP+TNTP+TN+FP+FN        ext{Accuracy} = rac{TP + TN}{TP + TN + FP + FN}Accuracy=TP+TN+FP+FNTP+TN
* Calculation: Accuracy=45+4245+42+8+5=87100=0.87        ext{Accuracy} = rac{45 + 42}{45 + 42
+ 8 + 5} = rac{87}{100} = 0.87Accuracy=45+42+8+545+42=10087=0.87
* Recall (Sensitivity):
* Recall is the proportion of true positive results in the total actual positives.
* Formula: Recall=TPTP+FN        ext{Recall} = rac{TP}{TP + FN}Recall=TP+FNTP
* Calculation: Recall=4545+5=4550=0.9        ext{Recall} = rac{45}{45 + 5} = rac{45}{50} = 0.9 Recall=45+545=5045=0.9
* Specificity:
* Specificity is the proportion of true negative results in the total actual negatives.
* Formula: Specificity=TNTN+FP        ext{Specificity} = rac{TN}{TN + FP}Specificity=TN+FPTN
* Calculation: Specificity=4242+8=4250=0.84        ext{Specificity} = rac{42}{42 + 8} = rac{42}
{50} = 0.84Specificity=42+842=5042=0.84
Therefore, the correct combinations of accuracy, recall, and specificity are 0.87, 0.9, and 0.84 respectively.
References:
ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 5.1, Confusion Matrix, provides detailed formulas and explanations for calculating various metrics including accuracy, recall, and specificity.
"ML Functional Performance Metrics" (ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 5).

NEW QUESTION # 113
Pairwise testing can be used in the context of self-driving cars for controlling an explosion in the number of combinations of parameters.
Which ONE of the following options is LEAST likely to be a reason for this incredible growth of parameters?
SELECT ONE OPTION
  • A. Different Road Types
  • B. Different features like ADAS, Lane Change Assistance etc.
  • C. Different weather conditions
  • D. ML model metrics to evaluate the functional performance
Answer: D
Explanation:
Pairwise testing is used to handle the large number of combinations of parameters that can arise in complex systems like self-driving cars. The question asks which of the given options isleast likelyto be a reason for the explosion in the number of parameters.
* Different Road Types (A): Self-driving cars must operate on various road types, such as highways, city streets, rural roads, etc. Each road type can have different characteristics, requiring the car's system to adapt and handle different scenarios. Thus, this is a significant factor contributing to the growth of parameters.
* Different Weather Conditions (B): Weather conditions such as rain, snow, fog, and bright sunlight significantly affect the performance of self-driving cars. The car's sensors and algorithms must adapt to these varying conditions, which adds to the number of parameters that need to be considered.
* ML Model Metrics to Evaluate Functional Performance (C): While evaluating machine learning (ML) model performance is crucial, it does not directly contribute to the explosion of parameter combinations in the same way that road types, weather conditions, and car features do. Metrics are used to measure and assess performance but are not themselves variable conditions that the system must handle.
* Different Features like ADAS, Lane Change Assistance, etc. (D): Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and other features add complexity to self-driving cars. Each feature can have multiple settings and operational modes, contributing to the overall number of parameters.
Hence, theleast likelyreason for the incredible growth in the number of parameters isC. ML model metrics to evaluate the functional performance.
:
ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus Section 9.2 on Pairwise Testing discusses the application of this technique to manage the combinations of different variables in AI-based systems, including those used in self-driving cars.
Sample Exam Questions document, Question #29 provides context for the explosion in parameter combinations in self-driving cars and highlights the use of pairwise testing as a method to manage this complexity.

NEW QUESTION # 114
Which of the following is a technique used in machine learning?
  • A. Decision tables
  • B. Decision trees
  • C. Equivalence partitioning
  • D. Boundary value analysis
Answer: B
Explanation:
Decision trees are a widely usedmachine learning (ML) techniquethat falls undersupervised learning. They are used for bothclassification and regressiontasks and are popular due to their interpretability and effectiveness.
* How Decision Trees Work:
* The model splits the dataset into branches based on feature conditions.
* It continues to divide the data until each subset belongs to a single category (classification) or predicts a continuous value (regression).
* The final result is a tree structure where decisions are made atnodes, and predictions are given at leaf nodes.
* Common Applications of Decision Trees:
* Fraud detection
* Medical diagnosis
* Customer segmentation
* Recommendation systems
* B (Equivalence Partitioning):This is asoftware testing technique, not a machine learning method. It is used to divide input data into partitions to reduce test cases while maintaining coverage.
* C (Boundary Value Analysis):Anothersoftware testing technique, used to check edge cases around input boundaries.
* D (Decision Tables):A structuredtesting techniqueused to validate business rules and logic, not a machine learning method.
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus (Section 3.1: Forms of Machine Learning - Decision Trees)
* "Decision trees are used in classification and regression models and are fundamental ML algorithms".
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:Supporting References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:Conclusion:Sincedecision trees are a core technique in machine learning, while the other options are software testing techniques, thecorrect answer is A.

NEW QUESTION # 115
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