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[General] KCSA Real Exam Answers | KCSA PDF Cram Exam

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【General】 KCSA Real Exam Answers | KCSA PDF Cram Exam

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Linux Foundation KCSA Exam Syllabus Topics:
TopicDetails
Topic 1
  • Kubernetes Threat Model: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Cloud Security Architect and involves identifying and mitigating potential threats to a Kubernetes cluster. It requires understanding common attack vectors like privilege escalation, denial of service, malicious code execution, and network-based attacks, as well as strategies to protect sensitive data and prevent an attacker from gaining persistence within the environment.
Topic 2
  • Compliance and Security Frameworks: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Compliance Officer and focuses on applying formal structures to ensure security and meet regulatory demands. It covers working with industry-standard compliance and threat modeling frameworks, understanding supply chain security requirements, and utilizing automation tools to maintain and prove an organization's security posture.
Topic 3
  • Overview of Cloud Native Security: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Cloud Security Architect and covers the foundational security principles of cloud-native environments. It includes an understanding of the 4Cs security model, the shared responsibility model for cloud infrastructure, common security controls and compliance frameworks, and techniques for isolating resources and securing artifacts like container images and application code.
Topic 4
  • Kubernetes Security Fundamentals: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Kubernetes Administrator and covers the primary security mechanisms within Kubernetes. This includes implementing pod security standards and admissions, configuring robust authentication and authorization systems like RBAC, managing secrets properly, and using network policies and audit logging to enforce isolation and monitor cluster activity.
Topic 5
  • Kubernetes Cluster Component Security: This section of the exam measures the skills of a Kubernetes Administrator and focuses on securing the core components that make up a Kubernetes cluster. It encompasses the security configuration and potential vulnerabilities of essential parts such as the API server, etcd, kubelet, container runtime, and networking elements, ensuring each component is hardened against attacks.

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Linux Foundation Kubernetes and Cloud Native Security Associate Sample Questions (Q38-Q43):NEW QUESTION # 38
What is a multi-stage build?
  • A. A build process that involves multiple containers running simultaneously to speed up the image creation.
  • B. A build process that involves multiple developers collaborating on building an image.
  • C. A build process that involves multiple repositories for storing container images.
  • D. A build process that involves multiple stages of image creation, allowing for smaller, optimized images.
Answer: D
Explanation:
* Multi-stage buildsare a Docker/Kaniko feature that allows building images in multiple stages # final image contains only runtime artifacts, not build tools.
* This reducesimage size, attack surface, and security risks.
* Exact extract (Docker Docs):
* "Multi-stage builds allow you to use multiple FROM statements in a Dockerfile. You can copy artifacts from one stage to another, resulting in smaller, optimized images."
* Clarifications:
* A: Collaboration is not the definition.
* B: Multiple repositories # multi-stage builds.
* C: Build concurrency # multi-stage builds.
References:
Docker Docs - Multi-Stage Builds: https://docs.docker.com/develop/develop-images/multistage-build/

NEW QUESTION # 39
Which information does a user need to verify a signed container image?
  • A. The image's SHA-256 hash and the private key of the signing authority.
  • B. The image's digital signature and the private key of the signing authority.
  • C. The image's digital signature and the public key of the signing authority.
  • D. The image's SHA-256 hash and the public key of the signing authority.
Answer: C
Explanation:
* Container image signing (e.g., withcosign, Notary v2) uses asymmetric cryptography.
* Verification process:
* Retrieve theimage's digital signature.
* Validate the signature with thepublic keyof the signer.
* Exact extract (Sigstore Cosign Docs):
* "Verification of an image requires the signature and the signer's public key. The signature proves authenticity and integrity."
* Why others are wrong:
* A & B: The private key is only used by the signer, never shared.
* C: The hash alone cannot prove authenticity without the digital signature.
References:
Sigstore Cosign Docs: https://docs.sigstore.dev/cosign/overview

NEW QUESTION # 40
By default, in a Kubeadm cluster, which authentication methods are enabled?
  • A. OIDC, Bootstrap tokens, and Service Account Tokens
  • B. X509 Client Certs, Bootstrap Tokens, and Service Account Tokens
  • C. X509 Client Certs, OIDC, and Service Account Tokens
  • D. X509 Client Certs, Webhook Authentication, and Service Account Tokens
Answer: B
Explanation:
* In akubeadm cluster, by default the API server enables several authentication mechanisms:
* X509 Client Certs: Used for authenticating kubelets, admins, and control-plane components.
* Bootstrap Tokens: Temporary credentials used for node bootstrap/joining clusters.
* Service Account Tokens: Used by workloads in pods to authenticate with the API server.
* Exact extract (Kubernetes Docs - Authentication):
* "Kubernetes uses client certificates, bearer tokens, an authenticating proxy, or HTTP basic auth to authenticate API requests."
* "Bootstrap tokens are a simple bearer token that is meant to be used when creating new clusters or joining new nodes to an existing cluster."
* "Service accounts are special accounts that provide an identity for processes that run in a Pod." References:
Kubernetes Docs - Authentication: https://kubernetes.io/docs/refer ... thz/authentication/ Kubeadm - TLS Bootstrapping: https://kubernetes.io/docs/refer ... z/bootstrap-tokens/

NEW QUESTION # 41
When using a cloud provider's managed Kubernetes service, who is responsible for maintaining the etcd cluster?
  • A. Application developer
  • B. Kubernetes administrator
  • C. Cloud provider
  • D. Namespace administrator
Answer: C
Explanation:
* Inmanaged Kubernetes services(EKS, GKE, AKS), the control plane is operated by thecloud provider
.
* This includesetcd, API server, controller manager, scheduler.
* Users manageworker nodes(in some models) and workloads, but not the control plane.
* Exact extract (GKE Docs):
* "The control plane, including the API server and etcd database, is managed and maintained by Google."
* Similarly forEKSandAKS, etcd is fully managed by the provider.
References:
GKE Architecture: https://cloud.google.com/kuberne ... luster-architecture EKS Architecture: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/eks/ ... s-architecture.html AKS Docs: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-u ... -clusters-workloads

NEW QUESTION # 42
In which order are thevalidating and mutating admission controllersrun while the Kubernetes API server processes a request?
  • A. The order of execution varies and is determined by the cluster configuration.
  • B. Validating and mutating admission controllers run simultaneously.
  • C. Mutating admission controllers run before validating admission controllers.
  • D. Validating admission controllers run before mutating admission controllers.
Answer: C
Explanation:
* Theadmission control flowin Kubernetes:
* Mutating admission controllersrun first and can modify incoming requests.
* Validating admission controllersrun after mutations to ensure the final object complies with policies.
* This ensures policies validate thefinal, mutated object.
References:
Kubernetes Documentation - Admission Controllers
CNCF Security Whitepaper - Admission control workflow.

NEW QUESTION # 43
......
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