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WGU Introduction to Cryptography HNO1 Sample Questions (Q11-Q16):NEW QUESTION # 11
(A security analyst uses a polyalphabetic substitution cipher with a keyword of YELLOW to encrypt a message. Which cipher should be used to encrypt the message?)

• A. Caesar
• B. Playfair
• C. Pigpen
• D. Vigenere
  

Answer: D
Explanation:
A polyalphabetic substitution cipher uses multiple substitution alphabets rather than a single fixed mapping. The classic cipher that uses a keyword to select shifting alphabets across the message is the Vigenere cipher. In Vigenere, each plaintext letter is shifted by an amount determined by the corresponding key letter (repeating the keyword as needed). For example, a keyword like "YELLOW" is aligned under the plaintext; each key character defines a Caesar shift (A=0, B=1, ...) applied to the plaintext character, producing ciphertext. This rotation of alphabets across positions makes Vigenere more resistant to simple frequency analysis than monoalphabetic substitution, because the same plaintext letter may encrypt to different ciphertext letters depending on its position relative to the key.
The Pigpen cipher is a symbol substitution cipher, Caesar is monoalphabetic with a single shift, and Playfair is a digraph substitution cipher using a 5×5 key square, not the repeating-key polyalphabetic method described. Therefore, the correct cipher is Vigenere.

NEW QUESTION # 12
(How does adding salt to a password improve security?)

• A. Salt enforces the complexity rules for passwords.
• B. Salt prevents users from reusing the same password.
• C. Salt ensures two people do not have the same password.
• D. Salt creates a different hash if two people use the same password.
  

Answer: D
Explanation:
A salt is a unique, random value stored alongside a password hash and combined with the password during hashing. Its main security benefit is that it ensures identical passwords do not produce identical hashes across different accounts or systems. If two users choose the same password, their stored hashes will differ because their salts differ, which directly prevents attackers from spotting shared passwords by comparing hashes. Salts also defeat precomputation attacks such as rainbow tables, because an attacker would need to regenerate tables for each possible salt value-a task that becomes infeasible when salts are large and unique per password. Salt does not enforce password complexity rules (that's a policy/validation function), does not guarantee users choose different passwords, and does not prevent password reuse across sites. The correct statement is that salt makes the resulting hash different even for the same password, improving resistance to offline cracking at scale and eliminating the "same hash
= same password" shortcut attackers rely on.

NEW QUESTION # 13
(Which attack maps hashed values to their original input data?)

• A. Dictionary
• B. Birthday
• C. Brute-force
• D. Rainbow table
  

Answer: D
Explanation:
A rainbow table attack uses large, precomputed tables that link hash outputs back to likely original inputs (typically passwords). Instead of storing every password#hash pair directly (which would be huge), rainbow tables store chains created by alternating hash operations with reduction functions, allowing attackers to reconstruct candidate plaintexts that produce a given hash. This makes cracking fast,ifthe target hashes are unsalted and use a known, fast hash function. Salt defeats rainbow tables because the attacker would need separate tables for each salt value, which becomes infeasible when salts are unique and sufficiently large. A dictionary attack is related but typically computes hashes on the fly from a wordlist rather than using precomputed chain structures. A birthday attack targets collisions, not mapping to original data. Brute-force tries all candidates without precomputation.
Because the question explicitly describes mapping hashed values back to original data via a precomputed approach, the correct choice is Rainbow table.

NEW QUESTION # 14
(What are the primary characteristics of Bitcoin proof of work?)

• A. Difficult to produce and difficult to verify
• B. Easy to produce and easy to verify
• C. Easy to produce and difficult to verify
• D. Difficult to produce and easy to verify
  

Answer: D
Explanation:
Bitcoin's proof of work (PoW) is designed so that finding a valid block is computationally difficult, but checking validity is computationally easy. Miners must repeatedly hash candidate block headers (double SHA-256) with different nonces until they find a hash value below a network-defined target.
This trial-and-error search requires significant work and energy because the probability of success per attempt is extremely low at current difficulty levels. However, verification is straightforward: any node can hash the block header once (or a small number of times) and confirm the resulting hash meets the target threshold and that the block contents follow protocol rules. This "hard to produce, easy to verify" property is essential: it makes it expensive for attackers to rewrite history or outpace honest miners, while allowing all participants-even low-power devices-to validate blocks efficiently.
Therefore, the primary characteristic of Bitcoin proof of work is that it is difficult to produce and easy to verify.

NEW QUESTION # 15
(Which attack may take the longest amount of time to achieve success?)

• A. Dictionary
• B. Birthday
• C. Brute-force
• D. Rainbow table
  

Answer: C
Explanation:
A brute-force attack exhaustively tries every possible key or password candidate until the correct one is found. Because it explores the full search space (or a very large portion of it), brute force is often the slowest method, especially when strong keys, long passwords, rate limits, and slow password hashing (bcrypt/Argon2) are used. By contrast, a dictionary attack reduces work by trying only common or likely passwords, often succeeding quickly against weak human-chosen secrets. Rainbow table attacks shift work into precomputation; once a table exists, lookup can be faster than brute-force-though salt and modern hashing defeat them. Birthday attacks are about finding collisions, not necessarily recovering a specific secret, and their expected work is about 2